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Niessen, Nicole --- "Decentralized environmental management" [2006] ELECD 506; in Faure, Michael; Niessen, Nicole (eds), "Environmental Law in Development" (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2006)

Book Title: Environmental Law in Development

Editor(s): Faure, Michael; Niessen, Nicole

Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing

ISBN (hard cover): 9781845425197

Section: Chapter 7

Section Title: Decentralized environmental management

Author(s): Niessen, Nicole

Extract:

6. Toward integrated environmental law:
Indonesian experiences so far and
expectations of a future Environmental
Management Act
Takdir Rahmadi*

1. THE IDEA OF INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
The idea of integrated environmental management has entered the legal and
political discourses in Indonesia not only in the era of the Environmental
Management Act of 1997 (the EMA of 1997) that is still in force now, but also
already in the period of its predecessor, the Environmental Management Act
of 1982 (the EMA of 1982). Environmental issues have entered the political
agenda in Indonesia since the mid-1970s and in particular after the participa-
tion of Indonesia in the Stockholm Conference of 1972.1 Together with the
concepts of coordination and harmonization, the idea of integration in envi-
ronmental management has become subject to legal and political discourse
since then.2 We can use the definitions of these terms developed by Otto who
also based his definitions upon those of other scholars. Otto suggests that the
term coordination refers to `a certain adjustment between separate parts to
bring them into a proper, suitable and correct relationship'.3 The term harmo-
nization refers to `when separate parts are brought into conformity with one
another'.4 The term integration refers to the merger or fusion in which two or
more parts become one unity'.5 However, in the context of Indonesia, I would



* I would like to thank Professor Michael Faure for his comments and sugges-
tions on this chapter.
1 Cribb (2003, p. 38); ...