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Sciacovelli, Annita Larissa --- "The criminalization of the use of biological and chemical weapons" [2013] ELECD 1062; in Pocar, Fausto; Pedrazzi, Marco; Frulli, Micaela (eds), "War Crimes and the Conduct of Hostilities" (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013) 211

Book Title: War Crimes and the Conduct of Hostilities

Editor(s): Pocar, Fausto; Pedrazzi, Marco; Frulli, Micaela

Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing

ISBN (hard cover): 9781781955918

Section: Chapter 12

Section Title: The criminalization of the use of biological and chemical weapons

Author(s): Sciacovelli, Annita Larissa

Number of pages: 14

Abstract/Description:

Although international conventions prohibit the use in war of asphyxiating and poisonous gases or analogous materials and ban bacteriological methods of warfare States often used biological (bacteriological) and chemical weapons in international and internal conflicts. The following are a few examples: Germany used such weapons in Belgium (1914);Italy in the Ethiopian war (1935); Japan in its war with China (1937,1945); US in North Korea (1950), Vietnam (1960), Laos (1982) and in the Kampuchea war (1975); Egypt in Yemen (1967); Portugal in the conflicts in Angola, Mozambique and Guinea Bissau (1970–1971); Indonesia in East Timor (1976–1983); Iraq in the conflict with Iran (1980–1988) and in the campaign against the Kurdish population (1988).