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Beldiman, Dana --- "Introduction: exclusion and inclusion – the role of IP laws in a shared knowledge environment" [2015] ELECD 783; in Beldiman, Dana (ed), "Innovation, Competition and Collaboration" (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015) 1

Book Title: Innovation, Competition and Collaboration

Editor(s): Beldiman, Dana

Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing

ISBN (hard cover): 9781784715762

Section Title: Introduction: exclusion and inclusion – the role of IP laws in a shared knowledge environment

Author(s): Beldiman, Dana

Number of pages: 12

Extract:

Introduction: exclusion and inclusion
­ the role of IP laws in a shared
knowledge environment
Dana Beldiman

FROM INNOVATION TO COLLABORATION
The past few decades have brought profound changes to all aspects
of the innovation process. In the past, scientific and technological
research and development (R&D) was mainly performed within
manufacturing industries, usually as part of vertically integrated
R&D and product innovation processes. Knowledge was generally
produced in-house and maintained in a closed, internally propri-
etary, and localized environment, within large enterprises, univers-
ities, or think tanks.1
This paradigm began to change as the pace of technological
development accelerated and technologies became more complex
and fragmented. Difficulties in covering all stages of the innovation
and production process internally led firms to seek complementary
expertise and disciplines from outside their immediate chain of
production and supply.2 Research tools became more specialized
and their cost decreased. This allowed new and, in many cases,
small- and medium-sized enterprises to enter the R&D field and
caused the number of players and overall participation in the
innovation process to increase.


1
WIPO Intellectual Property Report 2011, ch. 1, section 1.2, p. 23,
available at www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/freepublications/en/intproperty/
944/wipo_pub_944_2011.pdf.
2
See Gustavo Ghidini and Andrea Stazi, Chapter 1.

1
2 Innovation, competition and collaboration

One of the cornerstones of the open innovation3 environment is
the ability to make free and massive use of Internet-based com-
munication platforms. This ability, which ...