- Mandatory Sentences (LRC 108-2013)

[2013] IELRC 108

Irish Law Reform Commission

Republic of Ireland

Legislation Cited

Legislation Name	Provision
Constitution
Crimes Act 1900 (ACT)
Crimes (Sentencing) Act 2005 (ACT)
Crimes (Sentence Administration) Act 2005 (ACT)
Firearms (Amendment) Act 1997 (ACT)
Crimes Act 1914 (Cth)
Migration Act 1958 (Cth)	s236B
2002 Act (Cth)
Crimes Act 1900 (NSW)	s18, s19B
Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 (NSW)	s54A
Habitual Criminals Act 1957 (NSW)	s4
Crimes�� Amendment (Murder of Police Officers) Act 2011 (NSW)
Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Amendment (Standard Minimum Sentencing) Act 2002 (NSW)
Habitual Criminals Act 1905 (NSW)	s3
Sentencing Amendment (Mandatory Minimum Sentences) Bill 2012 (NT)
Domestic and Family Violence Act 2007 (NT)	s121, s122
Sentencing Act 1995 (NT)
Criminal Reform Amendment Act (No 2) 2006 (NT)	s17
Criminal Law (Two Strike Child Sex Offenders) Amendment Bill 2012 (Qld)
�Weapons and Other Legislation Amendment Bill 2012 (Qld)
Corrective Services Act 2006 (Qld)	s181A, s185B
Penalties and Sentences Act 1992 (Qld)	s161D, s161E
Weapons Act 1990 (Qld)	s50B, s65
Weapons Categories Regulation 1997 (Qld)
Criminal Law Amendment Act 2012 (Qld)	s3, s7
Criminal Law (Two Strike Child Sex Offenders) Amendment Act 2012 (Qld)
Weapons and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2012 (Qld)	s15, s16, s17
Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA)
Road Traffic Act 1961 (SA)
Sentencing Act 1997 (Tas)
Law Reform Commission Act 1975 (Tas)
Sentencing (Amendment) Act 2007 (Tas)
Crimes Act 1958 (Vic)
Country Fire Authority Act 1958 (Vic)	s39A, s39C
Sentencing Act 1991 (Vic)	s6D, s11
Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988 (Vic)
Court Security and Custodial Services Act 1999 (WA)
Prisons Act 1981 (WA)	s1
Sentencing Act 1995 (WA)
Criminal Law Amendment (Homicide) Act 2008 (WA)	s10, s19
Bail Act 1997	s1
Courts Act 1973
Criminal Assets Bureau Act 1996
Criminal Justice Act 1951	s23, s25, s27
Criminal Justice Act 1960	s2, s3
Criminal Justice Act 1964	s1, s2, s4
Criminal Justice Act 1984
Criminal Justice Act 1990	s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s9
Criminal Justice Act 1994	s3
Criminal Justice (Drug Trafficking) Act 1996
Criminal Law Act 1976	s13
Criminal Law (Rape) (Amendment) Act 1990	s4
Criminal Law Act 1997	s2
Courts of Justice Act 1929
Defence Act 1954	s124, s125, s127, s128
Firearms Act 1925	s1, s15, s26, s27
Firearms Act 1964	s26, s27
Firearms and Offensive Weapons Act 1990	s11
Human Rights Commission Act 2000	s4
Misuse of Drugs Act 1977	s1, s2, s15, s23, s25, s27, s37
Misuse of Drugs Act 1984	s6
Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act 1997	s19, s34
Proceeds of Crime Act 1996	s3, s26, s112
Treason Act 1939	s1
Transfer of Sentenced Persons Act 1995	s1, s4
Transfer of Sentenced Persons (Amendment) Act 1997
Courts of Justice Act 1924
Misuse of Drugs Regulations 1988	s4
Offences Against the State Act 1939	s6, s7, s8, s9, s18
1591
21
841
848
(b)(1)(A)

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name	Citation(s)	Court	Jurisdiction	Date †	Full Text	Citation Index
(2013) 5 Criminal Law Review 406	(2013) 5 Criminal Law Review 406	Criminal Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 2013	Westlaw	1
(2013) 46 UBC Law Review 121	(2013) 46 UBC Law Review 121	U.B.C. Law Review	Canada	circa 2013	HeinOnline	1
(2013) 36 Fordham International Law Journal 198	(2013) 36 Fordham International Law Journal 198	Fordham International Law Journal	United States	circa 2013	HeinOnline / Westlaw	1
People (DPP) v Byrne	[2012] IECCA 72	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	6 Jul 2012	BAILII	2
Minister for Justice and Equality v Nolan	[2012] IEHC 249	High Court of Ireland	Republic of Ireland	24 May 2012	BAILII	13
People (DPP) v Murray	[2012] IECCA 60	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	27 Feb 2012	BAILII	7
Caffrey v Governor of Portlaoise Prison	[2012] IESC 4; [2012] 1 IR 637; [2012] 2 ILRM 88	Supreme Court of Ireland	Republic of Ireland	1 Feb 2012	BAILII	24
People (DPP) v Deans	[2012] IECCA 11	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2012	BAILII	1
People (DPP) v Cleary and Brown	[2012] IECCA 32	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2012	BAILII	1
(2012) 45 Suffolk University Law Review 1217	(2012) 45 Suffolk University Law Review 1217	Suffolk University Law Review	United States	circa 2012	HeinOnline / LexisNexis	1
Lynch and Whelan v Minister for Justice	[2012] 1 IR 1			circa 2012		18
(2012) 76 (6) Journal of Criminal Law 493	(2012) 76 (6) Journal of Criminal Law 493	Journal of Criminal Law	United Kingdom	circa 2012	HeinOnline	1
(2012) 8 Criminal Law Review 572	(2012) 8 Criminal Law Review 572	Criminal Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 2012	Westlaw	1
People (DPP) v Malric	[2011] IECCA 99	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	21 Dec 2011	BAILII	1
People (DPP) v Anthony McMahon	[2011] IECCA 94	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	14 Dec 2011	BAILII	6
People (DPP) v Ormonde	[2011] IECCA 46	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	29 Jul 2011	BAILII	1
People (DPP) v Wall	[2011] IECCA 45	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	29 Jul 2011	BAILII	4
R v Stewart	[2011] NICC 10	Crown Court for Northern Ireland	United Kingdom - Northern Ireland	16 Mar 2011	BAILII	1
People (DPP) v Connolly	[2011] IESC 6	Supreme Court of Ireland	Republic of Ireland	15 Feb 2011	BAILII	3
Robinson v PE Jones (Contractors) Ltd	[2011] EWCA Civ 9; [2012] QB 44; [2011] 4 All ER 687; [2011] 3 WLR 815; [2011] Crim LR 806; [2011] BLR 206; [2011] All ER (D) 111	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Civil Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	18 Jan 2011	BAILII	27
(2010-2011) 34 Seattle University Law Review 935	(2010-2011) 34 Seattle University Law Review 935	Seattle University Law Review	United States	circa 2011	HeinOnline / LexisNexis	1
Nascimento v Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform	[2007] IEHC 358; [2011] 1 IR 1	High Court of Ireland	Republic of Ireland	circa 2011	BAILII	1
Nascimento v Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform	[2011] 1 IR 1			circa 2011		4
People (DPP) v Harding	[2011] IECCA 20	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2011	BAILII	1
R v Howell	[2010] NICC 48	Crown Court for Northern Ireland	United Kingdom - Northern Ireland	3 Dec 2010	BAILII	1
People (DPP) v Goulding	[2010] IECCA 85	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	29 Jul 2010	BAILII	2
Caffrey v Governor of Portlaoise Prison	[2010] IEHC 213	High Court of Ireland	Republic of Ireland	20 May 2010	BAILII	4
Whelan v Minister for Justice Equality and Law Reform	[2010] IESC 34	Supreme Court of Ireland	Republic of Ireland	14 May 2010	BAILII	15
People (DPP) v Colclough	[2010] IECCA 15	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	26 Feb 2010	BAILII	4
"Responding To Gun Crime in Ireland"	(2010) 50 British Journal of Criminology 414	British Journal of Criminology	United Kingdom	circa 2010	HeinOnline / Westlaw	2
People (DPP) v Woods	[2010] IECCA 118	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2010	BAILII	1
(2010) 20 Irish Criminal Law Journal 8	(2010) 20 Irish Criminal Law Journal 8	Irish Criminal Law Journal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2010		2
People (DPP) v Purcell	[2010] IECCA 55	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2010	BAILII	1
People (DPP) v Pakur Pakurian	[2010] IECCA 48	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2010	BAILII	1
People (DPP) v Murphy	[2010] IECCA 44	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2010	BAILII	1
People (DPP) v McGrane	[2010] IECCA 8	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2010	BAILII	1
People (DPP) v Kirwan	[2010] IECCA 43	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2010	BAILII	1
People (DPP) v Hanley	[2010] IECCA 99	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2010	BAILII	1
People (DPP) v Fitzgerald	[2010] IECCA 53	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2010	BAILII	2
People (DPP) v Delaney	[2010] IECCA 57	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2010	BAILII	1
[2010] NI 56	[2010] NI 56		United Kingdom - Northern Ireland	circa 2010	LexisNexis	1
People (DPP) v Curtin	[2010] IECCA 54	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2010	BAILII	2
People (DPP) v Crowe	[2010] 1 IR 129			circa 2010		8
People (DPP) v Black	[2010] IECCA 91	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2010	BAILII	2
People (DPP) v Anderson	[2010] IECCA 46	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2010	BAILII	1
McDiarmid Sentencing Murder: Boyle v HM Advocate	(2010) 14 Edinburgh Law Review 473	Edinburgh Law Review	United Kingdom - Scotland	circa 2010	HeinOnline	1
People (DPP) v o C	[2009] IECCA 116	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	5 Nov 2009	BAILII	1
People (DPP) v Farrell	[2010] IECCA 116	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	27 Jul 2009	BAILII	19
People (DPP) v Costelloe	[2009] IECCA 28	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	2 Apr 2009	BAILII	1
People v McDonnell	[2009] IECCA 16; [2009] 2 IR 105	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	3 Mar 2009	BAILII	3
People (DPP) v Duffy	[2009] 3 IR 613			circa 2009		3
People (DPP) v Keogh	[2009] IECCA 128	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2009	BAILII	1
[2009] Ir 613	[2009] IR 613			circa 2009		1
Goldin California Three Strikes Law: A Violation of International Law and a Possible Impediment to Extradition	(2009) 15 (2) Southwestern Journal of International Law 327	Southwestern Journal of International Law	United States	circa 2009		1
People (DPP) v Clail	[2009] IECCA 13	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2009	BAILII	4
People (DPP) v Coles	[2009] IECCA 144	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2009	BAILII	2
HM Advocate v Boyle	[2009] HCJAC 89		United Kingdom - Scotland	circa 2009		8
DPP v Derek Long	[2008] IECCA 133	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	31 Oct 2008	BAILII	4
People (DPP) v Whitehead	[2008] IECCA 123	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	20 Oct 2008	BAILII	2
People (DPP) v Brodigan	[2008] IECCA 127	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	13 Oct 2008	BAILII	1
People (DPP) v McCann	[2008] IECCA 129	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	13 Oct 2008	BAILII	1
People (DPP) v GK	[2008] IECCA 110	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	31 Jul 2008	BAILII	12
R v Bieber	[2008] EWCA Crim 1601; [2009] 1 All ER 295; [2009] 1 WLR 223; [2008] All ER (D) 309; [2008] HRLR 43	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	23 Jul 2008	BAILII	24
DPP v Finnamore	[2008] IECCA 99; [2009] 1 IR 153	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	1 Jul 2008	BAILII	9
R v Hamilton	[2008] NICA 27	Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland	United Kingdom - Northern Ireland	27 Jun 2008	BAILII	15
Kafkaris v Cyprus	[2008] ECHR 143; (2009) 49 EHRR 35	European Court of Human Rights	Europe	12 Feb 2008	BAILII	32
People (DPP) v Maguire	[2008] IECCA 56	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2008	BAILII	1
People (DPP) v Kinahan	[2008] IECCA 5	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2008	BAILII	3
People (DPP) v Heelan	[2008] IECCA 73	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2008	BAILII	1
Locke v HM Advocate	[2008] SLT 159		United Kingdom - Scotland	circa 2008	Westlaw	1
"Californication of Irish Sentencing Law"	(2008) 18 Irish Criminal Law Journal 42	Irish Criminal Law Journal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2008		2
People (DPP) v Davis	[2008] IECCA 58	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2008	BAILII	1
People (DPP) v Ryan	[2008] IECCA 63	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2008	BAILII	1
[2008] Irish Criminal Law Journal 42	[2008] Irish Criminal Law Journal 42	Irish Criminal Law Journal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2008		2
People (DPP) v Shekale	[2008] IECCA 28	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2008	BAILII	4
People (DPP) v McGrath	[2008] IECCA 27	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2008	BAILII	1
People (DPP) v Keane	[2007] IECCA 119; [2008] 2 ILRM 321; [2008] 3 IR 177	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	19 Dec 2007	BAILII	16
People (DPP) v PH	[2007] IEHC 335	High Court of Ireland	Republic of Ireland	15 Oct 2007	BAILII	12
Whelan and Lynch v Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform	[2007] IEHC 374; [2008] 2 IR 142	High Court of Ireland	Republic of Ireland	5 Oct 2007	BAILII	11
People (DPP) v Princs	[2007] IECCA 142	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	31 Jul 2007	BAILII	6
DPP v Power	[2007] IESC 31; [2008] 1 ILRM 161; [2007] 2 IR 509	Supreme Court of Ireland	Republic of Ireland	26 Jul 2007	BAILII	5
People (DPP) v WD	[2007] IEHC 310; [2008] 1 IR 308	High Court of Ireland	Republic of Ireland	4 May 2007	BAILII	38
DPP v Lernihan	[2007] IECCA 21	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	18 Apr 2007	BAILII	10
British and European	(2007) 55 Administration 125	Administration	Republic of Ireland	circa 2007		2
People (DPP) v David Spratt	[2007] IECCA 123	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2007	BAILII	6
[2007] NZLR 211	[2007] NZLR 211		New Zealand	circa 2007	LexisNexis	2
People (DPP) v Dermody	[2006] IECCA 164; [2007] 2 IR 622	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	21 Dec 2006	BAILII	3
People (DPP) v Gallagher	[2006] IECCA 110; [2007] 2 IR 246	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	28 Jul 2006	BAILII	2
People (DPP) v Patrick Long	[2006] IECCA 49	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	7 Apr 2006	BAILII	7
People (DPP) v McGinty	[2006] IECCA 37; [2007] 1 IR 633	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	3 Apr 2006	BAILII	30
DPP v Carl Loving	[2006] IECCA 28; [2006] 3 IR 355	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	10 Mar 2006	BAILII	18
[2006] Irish Yearbook of International Law 101	[2006] Irish Yearbook of International Law 101	Irish Yearbook of International Law	Republic of Ireland	circa 2006		2
Pudliszewski v Judge Coughlan	[2006] IEHC 304	High Court of Ireland	Republic of Ireland	circa 2006	BAILII	4
(2006) 51 Criminal Law Quarterly 129	(2006) 51 Criminal Law Quarterly 129	Criminal Law Quarterly	United States	circa 2006	HeinOnline	1
R v Jones	[2005] EWCA Crim 3115; [2006] 2 Cr App R (S) 19	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	30 Nov 2005	BAILII	48
R (Smith) v Secretary of State for the Home Department	[2005] UKHL 51; [2006] 1 AC 159; [2006] 1 All ER 407; [2005] 3 WLR 410; [2005] Crim LR 638; [2005] All ER (D) 413; [2005] HRLR 33	House of Lords	United Kingdom	28 Jul 2005	BAILII	69
People (DPP) v Ducque	[2005] IECCA 92	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	15 Jul 2005	BAILII	4
People (DPP) v Kelly	[2005] 1 ILRM 18		Republic of Ireland	circa 2005		2
People (DPP) v O Dwyer	[2005] 3 IR 134			circa 2005		4
"Criminal Justice Act 2003: The Sentencing Provisions"	(2005) 68 Modern Law Review 822	Modern Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 2005	HeinOnline	2
(2005) 15 (3) Irish Criminal Law Journal 9	(2005) 15 (3) Irish Criminal Law Journal 9	Irish Criminal Law Journal	Republic of Ireland	circa 2005		2
People (DPP) v Kelly	[2004] IECCA 14; [2005] 1 ILRM 19; [2005] 2 IR 321	Irish Court of Criminal Appeal	Republic of Ireland	5 Jul 2004	BAILII	51
People (DPP) v Kelly	[2004] IEHC 114; [2005] 1 IR 321	High Court of Ireland	Republic of Ireland	22 Jun 2004	BAILII	2
Ewing v California	(2004) 19 BYU Journal of Public Law 279	BYU Journal of Public Law	United States	circa 2004	HeinOnline / Westlaw	1
"Cruel and Unusual: The Story of Leandro Andrade"	(2003-2004) 52 Drake Law Review 1	Drake Law Review	United States	circa 2004	HeinOnline / LexisNexis	1
(2003-2004) 43 Washburn Law Journal 429	(2003-2004) 43 Washburn Law Journal 429	Washburn Law Journal	United States	circa 2004	HeinOnline / LexisNexis	1
People (DPP) v Gilligan (No 2)	[2004] 3 IR 87			circa 2004		16
R v McCandless	[2004] NI 269		United Kingdom - Northern Ireland	circa 2004	LexisNexis	43
Westlake v CCRC	[2004] EWHC 2779	High Court of England and Wales	United Kingdom - England and Wales	circa 2004	BAILII	2
DPP v Botha	[2004] 2 IR 375			circa 2004		11
[2004] Crim LR 873	[2004] Crim LR 873		United Kingdom	circa 2004	Westlaw	1
Cruel and Unusual Punishments	(2004) 29 Oklahoma City University Law Review 463	Oklahoma City University Law Review	United States	circa 2004	HeinOnline / LexisNexis	1
R v Ellis	[2003] EWCA Crim 3556; [2003] All ER (D) 134; [2003] 1 WLR 1607	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	8 Dec 2003	BAILII	12
R v Oliver	(2003) 1 Cr App R 28		United Kingdom	circa 2003	LexisNexis	112
People (DPP) v Alexiou	[2003] 3 IR 513			circa 2003		26
People (DPP) v Dunne	[2003] 4 IR 87			circa 2003		3
People (DPP) v Roseberry Construction Ltd and McIntyre	[2003] 4 IR 338			circa 2003		7
R v Oliver	2003) 1 Cr App R 28		United Kingdom	circa 2003	LexisNexis	112
Walker v HM Advocate	[2003] SLT 130		United Kingdom - Scotland	circa 2003	Westlaw	4
Stafford v United Kingdom	[2002] ECHR 470; (2002) 35 EHRR 32	European Court of Human Rights	Europe	28 May 2002	BAILII	49
Walker v HM Advocate	[2002] SCCR 1036		United Kingdom - Scotland	circa 2002	LexisNexis	16
Practice Direction (Criminal Proceedings: Consolidation)	[2002] 3 All ER 904; [2002] 1 WLR 2870		United Kingdom	circa 2002	LexisNexis	32
[2002] 1 WLR 1789	[2002] 1 WLR 1789		United Kingdom	circa 2002	LexisNexis / Westlaw	17
[2002] 3 All Er 412	[2002] 3 All ER 412		United Kingdom	circa 2002	LexisNexis	66
R (Anderson) v Secretary of State for the Home Department	[2002] EWCA Crim 747; [2003] 1 AC 837; [2002] 4 All ER 1089; [2002] All ER (D) 359; 13 BHRC 450; [2002] 3 WLR 1800; [2003] UKHRR 112; [2003] HRLR 7; [2003] 1 Cr App R 32	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	circa 2002	BAILII	113
"Mandatory Minimum Sentences: Exemplifying the Law of Unintended Consequences"	(2001) 28 Florida State University Law Review 935	Florida State University Law Review	United States	circa 2001	HeinOnline / Westlaw	1
People (DPP) v Redmond	[2001] 3 IR 390			circa 2001		59
R v Latimer	[2001] SCC 1; [2001] 1 SCR 3			circa 2001		32
[2001] Florida State University Law Review 935	[2001] Florida State University Law Review 935	Florida State University Law Review	United States	circa 2001	HeinOnline / Westlaw	1
(2000-2001) 44 Criminal Law Quarterly 279	(2000-2001) 44 Criminal Law Quarterly 279	Criminal Law Quarterly	United States	circa 2001	HeinOnline	1
DPP v Finn	[2000] IESC 75; [2001] 2 IR 25	Supreme Court of Ireland	Republic of Ireland	24 Nov 2000	BAILII	14
People (DPP) v Sheedy	[2000] 2 IR 184			circa 2000		10
v v United Kingdom	[1999] ECHR 171; (1999) 30 EHRR 121	European Court of Human Rights	Europe	16 Dec 1999	BAILII	111
R v F Howe & Son (Engineers) Ltd	[1998] EWCA Crim 3531; [1999] 2 All ER 249	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	6 Nov 1998	BAILII	37
R v Howells	[1998] EWCA Crim 2515; [1999] 1 All ER 50; [1999] 1 WLR 307	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	30 Jul 1998	BAILII	19
(1998) 4 Bar Review 15	(1998) 4 Bar Review 15	Bar Review	Republic of Ireland	circa 1998		1
(1998) 61 Modern Law Review 223	(1998) 61 Modern Law Review 223	Modern Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 1998	HeinOnline	3
R v Khan & Khan	[1998] Crim LR 83		United Kingdom	circa 1998	Westlaw	4
Re Article 26 and the Employment Equality Bill 1996	[1997] IESC 6; [1997] 2 IR 321	Supreme Court of Ireland	Republic of Ireland	15 May 1997	BAILII	76
R v Hereford Magistrates' Court ex parte Rowlands	[1997] EWHC Admin 119; [1998] QB 110; [1997] 2 Cr App R 340; [1997] 2 WLR 854	High Court of England and Wales	United Kingdom - England and Wales	10 Feb 1997	BAILII	54
[1997] Crim LR 1	[1997] Crim LR 1		United Kingdom	circa 1997	Westlaw	4
"Three Strikes: Can We Return to Rationality?"	(1997) 87 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 395	Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology	United States	circa 1997	HeinOnline	4
Hussain v United Kingdom	[1996] ECHR 8; (1996) 22 EHRR 1	European Court of Human Rights	Europe	21 Feb 1996	BAILII	56
[1996] Crim LR 707	[1996] Crim LR 707		United Kingdom	circa 1996	Westlaw	3
[1996] CM 3386	[1996] CM 3386	Canadian Courts Martial	Canada	circa 1996	CanLII	3
(1996) 59 Modern Law Review 861	(1996) 59 Modern Law Review 861	Modern Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 1996	HeinOnline	2
R v M (Ca)	[1996] 1 SCR 500			circa 1996		53
People (DPP) v Foley	[1995] 1 IR 267			circa 1995		8
Strikes and You re Out Legislation: A National Assessment	(1995) 59 Federal Probation 16	Federal Probation	United States	circa 1995	HeinOnline / Westlaw	1
Offences Against the Person Act 1861	(1995) 5 Irish Criminal Law Journal 31	Irish Criminal Law Journal	Republic of Ireland	circa 1995		2
Heaney v Ireland	[1994] 3 IR 593			circa 1994		130
People (DPP) v WC	[1994] 1 ILRM 321		Republic of Ireland	circa 1994		38
People (DPP) v M	[1994] 3 IR 306			circa 1994		91
Wynne v United Kingdom	(1994) 19 EHRR 333	European Court of Human Rights	Europe	circa 1994		34
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte Bentley	[1993] EWHC QB 2	High Court of England and Wales	United Kingdom - England and Wales	7 Jul 1993	BAILII	1
R v Cox	[1993] 2 All ER 19; [1993] 1 WLR 188; (1993) 14 Cr App R (S) 479		United Kingdom	circa 1993	LexisNexis	4
Scott Wallace Mandatory Minimums and the Betrayal of Sentencing Reform: A Legislative Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde	(1993) 57 Federal Probation 9	Federal Probation	United States	circa 1993	HeinOnline / Westlaw	1
[1992] NI 147	[1992] NI 147		United Kingdom - Northern Ireland	circa 1992	LexisNexis	1
Cox v Ireland	[1992] 2 IR 503			circa 1992		53
Thynne, Wilson and Gunnell v United Kingdom	[1990] ECHR 29; (1991) 13 EHRR 666	European Court of Human Rights	Europe	25 Oct 1990	BAILII	62
People (DPP) v Conroy (No 2)	[1989] IR 161			circa 1989		2
See: O Malley Bail and Predictions of Dangerousness	(1989) 7 ILT 41		Republic of Ireland	circa 1989		1
People (DPP) v Tiernan	[1989] ILRM 149; [1988] IR 250		Republic of Ireland	circa 1989		75
(1988) 19 Cambrian Law Review 5	(1988) 19 Cambrian Law Review 5	Cambrian Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 1988		1
[1988] US 72	[1988] US 72	United States Supreme Court	United States	circa 1988	Westlaw	1
People (DPP) v Tiernan	[1988] IR 251			circa 1988		2
People (DPP) v Carmody	[1988] ILRM 370		Republic of Ireland	circa 1988		6
Weeks v United Kingdom	[1987] ECHR 3; (1988) 10 EHRR 293	European Court of Human Rights	Europe	2 Mar 1987	BAILII	87
"Liability and Individualized Evidence"	(1986) 49 Law and Contemporary Problems 199	Law and Contemporary Problems	United States	circa 1986	HeinOnline / LexisNexis	4
R v King	(1986) 82 Cr App R 120		United Kingdom	circa 1986	LexisNexis	19
Loftin and McDowall The Deterrent Effects of the Florida Felony Firearm Law	(1984) 75 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 250	Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology	United States	circa 1984	HeinOnline	1
(1981-1982) 2 Northern Illinois University Law Review 1	(1981-1982) 2 Northern Illinois University Law Review 1	Northern Illinois University Law Review	United States	circa 1982	HeinOnline / LexisNexis	1
"Incapacitating the Habitual Criminal: The English Experience"	(1979-1980) 78 Michigan Law Review 1305	Michigan Law Review	United States	circa 1980	HeinOnline / LexisNexis	2
(1979) 43 Federal Probation 3	(1979) 43 Federal Probation 3	Federal Probation	United States	circa 1979	HeinOnline / Westlaw	1
[1976] US 82	[1976] US 82	United States Supreme Court	United States	circa 1976	Westlaw	1
(1976) 5 Contemporary Drug Problems 631	(1976) 5 Contemporary Drug Problems 631	Contemporary Drug Problems	United States	circa 1976	HeinOnline	1
State (C) v Frawley	[1976] IR 365			circa 1976		41
State (Healy) v Donoghue	[1976] IR 325			circa 1976		212
(1975) 4 Journal of Legal Studies 133	(1975) 4 Journal of Legal Studies 133	Journal of Legal Studies	United States	circa 1975	HeinOnline / Westlaw	1
Quinn and McLaughlin The Evolution of Federal Drug Control Legislation	(1972-1973) 22 Catholic University Law Review 586	Catholic University Law Review	United States	circa 1973	HeinOnline / LexisNexis	1
People (Attorney General) v O Driscoll	[1972] 1 Frewen 351		Republic of Ireland	circa 1972		51
People (AG) v Poyning	[1972] IR 402			circa 1972		26
State (Woods) v Attorney General	[1969] IR 385			circa 1969		30
People (Attorney General) v O ’ Callaghan	[1966] IR 501			circa 1966		84
Minister for Posts and Telegraphs v Campbell	[1966] IR 69			circa 1966		8
(1966) 6 British Journal of Criminology 183	(1966) 6 British Journal of Criminology 183	British Journal of Criminology	United Kingdom	circa 1966	HeinOnline / Westlaw	1
(1965) 16 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 73	(1965) 16 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 73	Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly	United Kingdom - Northern Ireland	circa 1965	HeinOnline	1
Osborough Homicide and Criminal Responsibility (Northern Ireland) Bill	(1963) 1965 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 73	Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly	United Kingdom - Northern Ireland	circa 1965	HeinOnline	1
Deaton v Attorney General	[1963] IR 170			circa 1963		60
[1962] 1 All Er 671	[1962] 1 All ER 671		United Kingdom	circa 1962	LexisNexis	1
Attorney General for Northern Ireland v Gallagher	[1962] NI 122		United Kingdom - Northern Ireland	circa 1962	LexisNexis	1
DPP v Smith	[1961] AC 290; [1960] 3 All ER 161; [1960] 3 WLR 546		United Kingdom	circa 1961	LexisNexis / Westlaw	172
[1956] Ch 629	[1956] Ch 629	Court of Chancery	United Kingdom	circa 1956	LexisNexis / Westlaw	3
Dession The Gowers Report and Capital Punishment	(1954) 29 New York University Law Review 1061	New York University Law Review	United States	circa 1954	HeinOnline / LexisNexis	1
[1951] Ch 66	[1951] Ch 66	Court of Chancery	United Kingdom	circa 1951	LexisNexis / Westlaw	1
Reference as to the Effect of the Exercise of the Royal Prerogative of Mercy Upon Deportation Proceedings	[1933] SCR 269			circa 1933		5
Re Veregin	[1933] 2 DLR 362			circa 1933		3
[1926] US 89	[1926] US 89	United States Supreme Court	United States	circa 1926	Westlaw	1
Re Allsop	[1913] UKLawRpCh 102; [1914] 1 Ch 1		United Kingdom	20 Oct 1913	CommonLII	17
785 US 70	785 US 70	United States Supreme Court	United States	circa 2005	Westlaw	1
767 US 70	767 US 70	United States Supreme Court	United States	circa 2005	Westlaw	1
662 Page 10653	662 Page 10653		United Kingdom	circa 2005		1
618 US 81	618 US 81	United States Supreme Court	United States	circa 2005	Westlaw	1
Lockyer v Andrade	583 US 63	United States Supreme Court	United States	circa 2005	Westlaw	1
570 US 72	570 US 72	United States Supreme Court	United States	circa 2005	Westlaw	1
567 US 70	567 US 70	United States Supreme Court	United States	circa 2005	Westlaw	1
513 US 71	513 US 71	United States Supreme Court	United States	circa 2005	Westlaw	1
366 CompLRes 2108	366 CompLRes 2108	Computerisation of Law Resources (AustLII)	Australia	circa 2005	AustLII	1
220 US 73	220 US 73	United States Supreme Court	United States	circa 2005	Westlaw	1
78 CompLRes 1259	78 CompLRes 1259	Computerisation of Law Resources (AustLII)	Australia		AustLII	2
78 CompLRes 1257	78 CompLRes 1257	Computerisation of Law Resources (AustLII)	Australia		AustLII	2
69 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 1	69 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 1	Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology	United States	circa 2005	HeinOnline	4
Cruel and Unusual Punishment	60 Cornell Law Review 638	Cornell Law Review	United States	circa 2005	HeinOnline / LexisNexis	3
53 NI 55	53 NI 55		United Kingdom - Northern Ireland	circa 2005	LexisNexis	1
Controlled Substances Import and Export Act	21 USC 960	United States Code	United States	circa 2005	LII (Cornell)	122
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of	21 USC 841; [1970] SEC 401; 123 L Ed 2d 653; 113 SCt 1948; 846 FSupp 1362	United States Code	United States	circa 2005	LII (Cornell)	6002
Habitual Offender Laws: A Reconsideration	21 Buffalo Law Review 99	Buffalo Law Review	United States	circa 2005	HeinOnline / LexisNexis	5
20 NI 55	20 NI 55		United Kingdom - Northern Ireland	circa 2005	LexisNexis	1
19 Can 158	19 CAN 158		Australia	circa 2005		1
18 USC 3559	18 USC 3559	United States Code	United States	circa 2005	LII (Cornell)	85
16 NI 146	16 NI 146		United Kingdom - Northern Ireland	circa 2005	LexisNexis	1
11 UC Davis Law Review 29	11 UC Davis Law Review 29	U.C. Davis Law Review	United States	circa 2005	HeinOnline / LexisNexis	1
9 CompLRes 2150	9 CompLRes 2150	Computerisation of Law Resources (AustLII)	Australia	circa 2005	AustLII	1
7 CompLRes 997	7 CompLRes 997	Computerisation of Law Resources (AustLII)	Australia		AustLII	1
6 CompLRes 1230	6 CompLRes 1230	Computerisation of Law Resources (AustLII)	Australia	circa 2005	AustLII	1
6 CompLRes 1195	6 CompLRes 1195	Computerisation of Law Resources (AustLII)	Australia	circa 2005	AustLII	1
6 CompLRes 1194	6 CompLRes 1194	Computerisation of Law Resources (AustLII)	Australia	circa 2005	AustLII	1
3 NI 146	3 NI 146		United Kingdom - Northern Ireland	circa 2005	LexisNexis	1
3 CompLRes 278	3 CompLRes 278	Computerisation of Law Resources (AustLII)	Australia		AustLII	1
3 CompLRes 218	3 CompLRes 218	Computerisation of Law Resources (AustLII)	Australia		AustLII	1
2 NI 55	2 NI 55		United Kingdom - Northern Ireland		LexisNexis	1
2 CompLRes 606	2 CompLRes 606	Computerisation of Law Resources (AustLII)	Australia		AustLII	1
2 CompLRes 605	2 CompLRes 605	Computerisation of Law Resources (AustLII)	Australia		AustLII	1
2 CompLRes 394	2 CompLRes 394	Computerisation of Law Resources (AustLII)	Australia		AustLII	1
2 CompLRes 384	2 CompLRes 384	Computerisation of Law Resources (AustLII)	Australia		AustLII	1
2 CompLRes 383	2 CompLRes 383	Computerisation of Law Resources (AustLII)	Australia		AustLII	1
2 CompLRes 382	2 CompLRes 382	Computerisation of Law Resources (AustLII)	Australia		AustLII	1
2 CompLRes 381	2 CompLRes 381	Computerisation of Law Resources (AustLII)	Australia		AustLII	1
1 US 89	1 US 89	United States Supreme Court	United States		Westlaw	1
1 NI 56	1 NI 56		United Kingdom - Northern Ireland		LexisNexis	1
1 CompLRes 122	1 CompLRes 122	Computerisation of Law Resources (AustLII)	Australia		AustLII	1
1 Can 158	1 CAN 158		Australia			1

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